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EASA Part-66 Module 9 Cats A · B1 · B2 · B2L · B3

Human Factors EASA Part-66 — Module 9 Practice Questions

Every Part-66 licence category — A, B1, B2, B2L and B3 — sits a Module 9 paper covering how human performance, error, communication and teamwork shape aircraft maintenance safety. Below: what the syllabus covers, the exam format, and seven sample questions in the same style you will meet on exam day.

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Every question comes with a worked, EASA-grounded explanation — understand why, don't just memorise.
746
Questions in bank
4
Syllabus sections
35 min
Exam time (B1/B2)
75 %
EASA pass mark

UK CAA examines Module 9 by essay (EASA made it multiple-choice only in 2024). See 20 worked model essay answers for this module, each with the examiner Key Points. Open Module 9 essays →

Syllabus at a glance

Full Module 9 syllabus
Section 9.1 / 9.8 / 9.9
Human Error & Just Culture
  • Why human factors matters & Murphy’s law
  • Error models: slips, lapses, mistakes, violations
  • SHEL(L) model & Reason’s Swiss-cheese defences
  • Just culture, occurrence reporting & risk management
Section 9.2
Human Performance & Limitations
  • Vision & hearing limits in the maintenance environment
  • Information processing, attention & perception
  • Memory: sensory, short-term & long-term
  • Claustrophobia & physical access constraints
Section 9.3 / 9.7
Communication & Teamwork
  • Communication within and between teams
  • Shift handover & work logging & recording
  • Responsibility (individual & group), peer pressure, culture
  • Leadership, supervision & the role of teamwork
Section 9.4 / 9.5
Performance Factors & Environment
  • Stress, time pressure, workload, overload & underload
  • Sleep, fatigue & shift-work effects
  • Alcohol, medication & drug abuse
  • Noise, illumination, temperature & vibration

Three classic exam-day traps

Slips vs lapses vs mistakes

Slips and lapses are unintentional failures of execution (skill-based), while mistakes are intentional actions based on wrong knowledge or wrong rules. Swapping these around is the most common error-classification trap.

Just culture ≠ no-blame culture

A just culture protects honest errors but still holds deliberate violations and recklessness to account. Answers claiming “a complete absence of blame” are wrong.

SHEL vs SHELL — what does the L stand for?

SHEL is Software, Hardware, Environment, Liveware. The second L in SHELL is a second Liveware (the central engineer’s interaction with other people), not Location or Logistics.

What Module 9 covers — in plain English

Module 9 of the EASA Part-66 syllabus covers Human Factors — the study of how people perform, communicate, make errors and recover from them in the aircraft maintenance environment. It is the only Part-66 module that every licence category sits to the same standard at knowledge level 2, and it is widely seen as one of the more deceptive papers: the questions are written in plain English about everyday concepts (fatigue, stress, memory, communication, teamwork), which tempts candidates to answer from common sense or workshop folklore rather than from the specific doctrine the syllabus lays out. The module grew out of the post-Aloha-243 industry response in the late 1980s, when regulators recognised that the majority of maintenance-related incidents trace back to human factors rather than to component or design failure, and it has been a mandatory part of the Part-66 syllabus ever since.

The bank covers ten sub-sections, from the general case for human factors and Murphy’s law (9.1) through human performance and limitations — vision, hearing, memory, attention (9.2), social psychology and team working (9.3), factors affecting performance such as sleep, stress, alcohol and shift work (9.4), the physical environment of noise, illumination and temperature (9.5), task types including visual inspection and complex systems (9.6), communication and shift handover (9.7), error models and the types of error seen in maintenance tasks (9.8), safety management, occurrence reporting and just culture (9.9), and the Dirty Dozen of common maintenance errors with their associated risk-mitigation strategies (9.10). Expect questions that hinge on a single doctrinal distinction — slip vs lapse vs mistake, just culture vs no-blame culture, peer pressure vs supervisory pressure, or SHEL vs SHELL — rather than on numbers or formulas. Reading the actual question wording slowly matters more here than in almost any other Part-66 module.

All five licence categories (A, B1, B2, B2L and B3) sit the same 28-question, 35-minute paper at knowledge level 2 across every sub-section — you need to understand the principles and be able to apply them in context, not just recognise the vocabulary. The pass mark is 75 %, leaving room for only seven incorrect answers out of twenty-eight, and the questions are split fairly evenly across the ten sub-sections rather than concentrated in any one area. The full per-section breakdown, including links to relevant CAA and FAA reference material, is on our Module 9 syllabus page.

These samples are drawn from our live Module 9 question bank of 746 questions. The full timed practice quiz draws 28 questions per attempt (or 28 for Cat A), scored against the official EASA 75 % pass mark, with weak-area tracking across attempts.

7 free sample questions

Click "Reveal answer + explanation" after you've picked.

Take the timed practice quiz
Q1 General · Murphy’s Law

Murphy's law can be regarded as the notion:

  1. A If something can go wrong it will.
  2. B Errors are always due to neglect.
  3. C Blame rests with the last person.
Reveal answer + explanation Hide answer
Correct answer: AIf something can go wrong it will.
Murphy's law is the engineering maxim that if a task can be done incorrectly, sooner or later it will be. Module 9 cites it as the rationale for designing maintenance procedures and tooling that physically prevent the wrong installation — fool-proofing, not blame-allocation.
Q2 Human Error · Slips/Lapses/Mistakes

In the 'slips, lapses and mistakes' definition of errors, forgetting to replace an engine cowling would be considered a

  1. A error.
  2. B lapse.
  3. C fault.
Reveal answer + explanation Hide answer
Correct answer: Blapse.
Reason's GEMS taxonomy splits unintentional skill-based failures into slips (the wrong action is executed) and lapses (the right action is omitted — typically a memory failure). Forgetting to refit a cowling is an omission, so it is classified as a lapse.
Q3 Memory · Short-Term

How long is the short term memory good for remembering 7 items?

  1. A 30 to 60 seconds.
  2. B Up to 30 seconds.
  3. C Above 60 seconds.
Reveal answer + explanation Hide answer
Correct answer: BUp to 30 seconds.
Short-term memory holds Miller's 7 ± 2 items for roughly up to 30 seconds without rehearsal. This is why critical maintenance steps should be written down rather than carried in the head between hangar and aircraft.
Q4 Communication · Shift Handover

What constitutes a good work handover?

  1. A A written and verbal account of the work done.
  2. B A written-only record of all of the work done.
  3. C A verbal-only briefing about the work carried.
Reveal answer + explanation Hide answer
Correct answer: AA written and verbal account of the work done.
CAP 715 and the Module 9 syllabus require handover to be both written and verbal: the written record gives traceability and the verbal exchange lets the incoming engineer ask questions and confirm understanding. Either channel alone has well-documented failure modes.
Q5 Social Psychology · Peer Pressure

The desire of an individual to 'conform' to a group by allowing one's opinions, attitudes and actions to be affected by prevailing conditions is known as

  1. A peer pressure.
  2. B social esteem.
  3. C group anxiety.
Reveal answer + explanation Hide answer
Correct answer: Apeer pressure.
Peer pressure is the lateral influence of colleagues on an individual's judgement — one of the Dirty Dozen. It is distinct from supervisory pressure (a vertical authority gradient) and is a leading driver of corner-cutting and norm-violation in maintenance.
Q6 Factors Affecting Performance · Alcohol

Removal of alcohol from the blood stream

  1. A is faster with sleep.
  2. B cannot be speeded up.
  3. C speeds up with coffee.
Reveal answer + explanation Hide answer
Correct answer: Bcannot be speeded up.
Alcohol is metabolised by the liver at a fixed rate of roughly one unit per hour and cannot be accelerated by coffee, cold showers, exercise or sleep. The only effective intervention is time, which is why bottle-to-throttle limits are written into maintenance policy.
Q7 Factors Affecting Performance · Circadian Rhythm

Alertness and performance is reduced when the body temperature is

  1. A above normal.
  2. B below normal.
  3. C not changing.
Reveal answer + explanation Hide answer
Correct answer: Bbelow normal.
Core body temperature tracks the circadian rhythm and dips to its daily minimum in the early hours of the morning. When body temperature is below normal, alertness, vigilance and reaction times all drop — the documented physiological basis for night-shift error rates.
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Ready for the full Module 9 timed practice quiz?

Sign up, pick Module 9 from the dashboard, and take a timed exam drawn from our 746-question bank — the number of questions follows your licence category (28 for Cat A, 28 for B1/B2/B2L/B3). Your score is tracked across attempts and we surface your weakest sub-topics so revision time pays off.

Module 9 — frequently asked questions

How many questions are in the EASA Part-66 Module 9 exam?
The Module 9 (Human Factors) exam has 28 multiple-choice questions for every licence category. Unlike most Part-66 modules, the count does not vary by category — Cats A, B1, B2, B2L and B3 all sit the same 28-question paper at knowledge level 2.
What is the pass mark for EASA Part-66 Module 9?
The pass mark is 75%, the same as every EASA Part-66 module. On the 28-question Module 9 paper that means you can afford only seven wrong answers out of twenty-eight, so consistent accuracy on the doctrinal distinctions matters.
How long is the Module 9 exam?
You are allowed 35 minutes to answer the 28 questions, which works out to about 75 seconds per question. That is comfortable for straightforward recall but tight if you have to re-read the plain-English wording carefully, which Module 9 questions often require.
Which EASA licence categories require Module 9?
All five licence categories require Module 9: Cats A, B1, B2, B2L and B3. Human Factors is the one Part-66 module that every category sits to the same standard, because human performance and error affect safety across all maintenance disciplines.
What does Module 9 cover, and what do students find hardest?
Module 9 covers human performance and its limits — vision, hearing, memory and attention — alongside error models, communication and teamwork, shift handover, and the performance factors of stress, fatigue, sleep, alcohol, medication and the physical environment (noise, illumination, temperature). It also covers just culture, occurrence reporting and risk management. Students find it deceptive because the topics sound like common sense, tempting them to answer from workshop folklore rather than the specific syllabus doctrine. The hardest traps are single-distinction questions: slips vs lapses vs mistakes (slips and lapses are unintentional execution failures, mistakes are intentional actions based on wrong knowledge or rules), just culture vs no-blame culture (a just culture still holds deliberate violations and recklessness to account), and SHEL vs SHELL (the second L is a second Liveware, not Location). Reading the exact question wording slowly matters more here than in almost any other Part-66 module.
Does Module 9 include essay questions?
Under the current EASA rules (Reg (EU) 2023/989), Module 9 is multiple-choice only — the essay requirement for Modules 9 and 10 was removed in 2024, and only Module 7 still carries an EASA essay. The UK CAA, however, retains essay questions for Modules 7, 9 and 10, so which format you sit depends on your regulator. If you are preparing for a UK CAA exam or want to practise structured writing, see our Module 9 essay questions page for worked model essays.

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